Protein S Confers Neuronal Protection During Ischemic/Hypoxic Injury in Mice

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Abstract
Background— Protein S is an antithrombotic factor that also exhibits mitogenic activity. Thus, we hypothesized that protein S may control cerebrovascular thrombosis in stroke and protect brain tissue from ischemic injury. Methods and Results— We studied protein S in a murine in vivo model of stroke and an in vitro model of neuronal hypoxia/reoxygenation injury. Animals received purified human plasma–derived protein S or vehicle intravenously 10 minutes after initiation of middle cerebral artery occlusion followed by reperfusion. Protein S at 0.2 to 2 mg/kg significantly improved the motor neurological deficit by 3.8- to 3.2-fold and reduced infarction and edema volumes by 45% to 54% and 45% to 62%, respectively. Protein S at 2 mg/kg improved postischemic cerebral blood flow by 21% to 26% and reduced brain fibrin deposition and infiltration with neutrophils by 40% and 53%, respectively. Intracerebral bleeding was not observed with protein S. Protein S protected ischemic neurons in vivo and cultured neurons...