The relationship between the surface EMG and force transients in muscle: Simulation and experimental studies

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Abstract
The surface electromyogrmn (EMG) is an easily measured signal which when quantified by present techniques is a reliable measure of whether a muscle is active, a fairly reliable measure of steady state force and a rather unreliable measure of force transients in muscle. There is a real need for a reliable indicator of dynamic changes in muscle activity for the control of prosthetics, in diagnosis of neuromuscular diseases, in studies of the motor control system and in fundamental studies of muscle mechanics. This paper outlines the principles underlying the development of force and the EMG in muscle. The EMG is a poor estimate of muscle force since it is the result of the linear superposition of biphasic action potentials which result in an interference pattern. This in turn is dependent on the details of the firing intervals for each motor unit, whereas the force is quite insensitive to these details. Experimental results for the human biceps brachii are described in which it was not possible to obtain a consistent estimate of muscle active state from the EMG. An extensive computer simulation was used to explore the relationship between EMG and force under a variety of assumptions. The conclusion is that it is technically impossible to obtain consistent estimates of muscle force (or active state) unless a filter with a time constant of 300 ms is applied to the rectified EMG. This is inconsistent with the estimation of active state for voluntary contractions with observed rise time constants of 30-70 ms. It is susgested that the only solution is to repeat an experiment many times and average the rectified EMG. Unfortunately, in practice it is difficult to repeat certain aspects of voluntary muscular contractions.