Evidence for pressure melting and heat generation by viscous flow of liquid in indentation and impact experiments on ice

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Abstract
Indentation experiments have been performed on fresh-water ice at -9°C using an apparatus which permitted visual observation of the contact zone at the ice/indentor interface by viewing through the specimens. Analysis of the video records and test data indicated that at least 50% of the energy dissipated during the process of indentation was consumed by pressure melting and heat generation through the rapid viscous flow of the liquid. The thickness of the liquid layer was estimated to be 16/μm and the contact pressure in the melting zone was at least 90 MPa. Video records of small-scale impact tests on ice indicated that the same process of pressure melting and extrusion was taking place.