Laboratory determination of the residual fumigant toxicity to honey bees of insecticide sprays on white clover ( Trifolium repens L.)

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Abstract
Insecticide sprays were applied to the flowers of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) held in jars of water. To detennine the residual fumigant toxicities of the sprays. honey bees were enclosed above the flowers for an hour, either 3 or 18 hours after application. Of the 18 compounds tested, only three (Cyanox. diazinon, and lindane) showed residual toxicity. Initial fumigant toxicity tests were shown to be unreliable guides to residual toxicity.