In Vitro Whole-Virus Binding of a Norovirus Genogroup II Genotype 4 Strain to Cells of the Lamina Propria and Brunner's Glands in the Human Duodenum

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Abstract
Human norovirus (hNoV) remains refractory to propagation in cell culture systems. We believe that knowing the exact cell type that hNoV targets will provide important insights into culturing the virus. By the use of an in vitro whole-virus binding assay, the hNoV genogroup II genotype 4 Sakai variant was found to bind predominantly to cells of the lamina propria and Brunner's glands, but not to those of the luminal epithelial surface, of human duodenum tissue. Our findings, together with accumulating evidence reported elsewhere, suggest that hNoV may display tropism to nonepithelial cells, which is distinct from observations of other human enteric pathogens.