Flow-law hypotheses for ice-sheet modeling

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Abstract
Ice-flow modeling requires a flow law relating strain rates to stresses in situ, but a flow law cannot be measured directly in ice sheets. Microscopic processes such as dislocation glide and boundary diffusion control both the flow law for ice and the development of physical properties such as grain-size and c-axis fabric. These microscopic processes can be inferred from observations of the physical properties, and the flow law can then be estimated from the microscopic processes. A review of available literature shows that this approach can be imperfectly successful. Interior regions of large ice sheets probably have depth-varying flow-law “constants”, with the stress exponent, n, for power-law creep less than 3 in upper regions and equal to 3 only in deep ice; n probably equals 3 through most of the thickness of ice shelves and ice streams.