Insecticide synergists: Role, importance, and perspectives

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Abstract
Synergists have been used commercially for about 50 years and have contributed significantly to improve the efficacy of insecticides, particularly when problems of resistance have arisen. In the current article we review the nature, mode of action, role in resistance management, natural occurrence, and significance in research of insecticide synergists. These natural or synthetic chemicals, which increase the lethality and effectiveness of currently available insecticides, are by themselves considered nontoxic. The mode of action of the majority of synergists is to block the metabolic systems that would otherwise break down insecticide molecules. They interfere with the detoxication of insecticides through their action on poly‐substrate monooxygenases (PSMOs) and other enzyme systems. The role of synergists in resistance management is related directly to an enzyme‐inhibiting action, restoring the susceptibility of insects to the chemical, which would otherwise require higher levels of the toxicant for their control. For this reason synergists are considered straightforward tools for overcoming metabolic resistance, and can also delay the manifestation of resistance. However, the full potential of these compounds may not have been realized in resistance management. Synergists have an important role to play in the ongoing investigation of insecticide toxicity and mode of action and the nature of resistance mechanism. They also can be used in understanding the effects of other xenobiotics in non‐target organisms. The search for and the need of new molecules capable of synergizing existing or new pesticides has reactivated the identification and characterization of secondary plant compounds possessing such activity. Plants do possess and utilize synergists to overcome the damage produced by phytophages. This has to be exploited in pest management programs. Hopefully, it will lead to a new perspective on the nature and significance of synergism.