Circular dichroism measurements. I. Calibration of a circular dichroism spectrometer

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Abstract
The Mueller matrix approach is used to analyze the problems associated with the calibration of a modern CD spectropolarimeter constructed on the basis of a modulation technique in polarization spectroscopy. As a result, the performance of the CD spectropolarimeter is found to be determined by the characteristics of the photomultiplier as a partial polarizer, the residual static strain birefringence of the modulator, and the first harmonic response of a lock‐in amplifier. Furthermore, the CD signal is greatly affected by the circular birefringence of a sample in addition to the above three factors. Thus, the necessity of checking these factors before the calibration is carried out using a standard sample is pointed out.