Cleaning up drug hot spots in Oakland, California: The displacement and diffusion effects

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Abstract
This paper examines the displacement and diffusion of a civil remedy program in Oakland, California. Coined the “SMART” (Specialized Multi-Agency Response Team) approach, the program uses municipal codes and drug nuisance abatement laws to control drug and disorder problems. The study finds that the SMART program not only decreases drug problems at the target sites, but also leads to a “net diffusion of benefits” in the areas surrounding targeted places.