Pressure structure functions and spectra for locally isotropic turbulence

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Abstract
Beginning with the known relationship between the pressure structure function and the fourth-order two-point correlation of velocity derivatives, we obtain a new theory relating the pressure structure function and spectrum to fourth-order velocity structure functions. This new theory is valid for all Reynolds numbers and for all spatial separations and wavenumbers. We do not use the joint Gaussian assumption that was used in previous theory. The only assumptions are local homogeneity, local isotropy, incompressibility, and use of the Navier–Stokes equation. Specific formulae are given for the mean-squared pressure gradient, the correlation of pressure gradients, the viscous range of the pressure structure function, and the pressure variance. Of course, pressure variance is a descriptor of the energy-containing range. Therefore, for any Reynolds number, the formula for pressure variance requires the more restrictive assumption of isotropy. For the case of large Reynolds numbers, formulae are given for the inertial range of the pressure structure function and spectrum and of the pressure-gradient correlation; these are valid on the basis of local isotropy, as are the formulae for mean-squared pressure gradient and the viscous range of the pressure structure function. Using the experimentally verified extension to fourth-order velocity structure functions of Kolmogorov's theory, we obtainr4/3andk−7/3laws for the inertial range of the pressure structure function and spectrum. The modifications of these power laws to account for the effects of turbulence intermittency are also given. New universal constants are defined; these require experimental evaluation. The pressure structure function is sensitive to slight departures from local isotropy, implying stringent conditions on experimental data, but applicability of the previous theory is likewise constrained. The results are also sensitive to compressibility.