Conclusion

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Abstract
Many of the early efforts to explain the new nationalisms, while differing radically in their substance, agreed in seeing all of the movements as alike, pursuing the same goals and aroused by the same causes. Thus for Walker Connor and for Milton Esman, to take only two examples, all of the new nationalisms were revivals of ancient ethnicity, while for Michael Hechter, all were reactions to internal colonialism. What seems to be lacking, or to emerge only very late, is any substantial support among the industrial working class, or indeed any correlation between industrialization and nationalism. In various ways Brand, Levi and Hechter, Rawkins, and Steiner have all argued in the present volume that pre-existing political institutions, patterns of decision-making and partisan alignments shape and condition the emergence of nationalist movements. Central-state policies with respect to taxation, expenditure, investment, and even transportation gradients may, if discriminatory enough, so burden efficiency as to make separation economically attractive.

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