The visual perception of movement by toads

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Abstract
By the use of the snapping reaction of Bufo vulgaris and B. calamita it has been shown that the normal feeding of toads is entirely dependent on visual perception of movement over a range from 0.5-130 cm./min.; optimum, 15-30 cm./min. When the visual field has a pattern, movement of the object with respect to the subject and to the field is required to elicit the snapping reaction. No indication of induced sensation of movement was found. In flicker expts. critical frequencies were never higher than S.3 dark/light changes/sec. Evidence is presented for existence of kinematoscopic sensation at 27-5 pictures/sec. Eye-licking reactions depend upon ability to recognize stationary objects and to discriminate between different parts of them.

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