Abstract
An arbitrary electromagnetic perturbation of a general solution of the relativistic Vlasov–Maxwell equations is considered. The nonlinear current responses are expressed in a form which in particular is an all order manifestation of the Manley–Rowe relations. A coordinate free formalism is used, starting with a representation of Minkowski space in terms of abstract linear algebra, and all formulas are intrinsically covariant. In the method used to derive the current responses the perturbation of particle orbits rather than of distribution functions is calculated.

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