Three-dimensional hybrid gyrokinetic-magnetohydrodynamics simulation

Abstract
A three‐dimensional (3‐D) hybrid gyrokinetic‐MHD (magnetohydrodynamic) simulation scheme is presented. To the 3‐D toroidal MHD code, MH3D‐K the energetic particle component is added as gyrokinetic particles. The resulting code, m h3d ‐ k, is used to study the nonlinear behavior of energetic particle effects in tokamaks, such as the energetic particle stabilization of sawteeth, fishbone oscillations, and alpha‐particle‐driven toroidal Alfvén eigenmode (TAE) modes.

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