Abstract
Caimon practice indicates that measurements made in different laboratories on the same material (chemical analyses, for instance) can vary considerably. The differences can be ignored as long as their amplitude is of little practical significance, but in many cases, they cannot be disregarded and may even become a problem.If the material is intended for use as a reference material, the results obtained by various laboratories have to be treated to produce a “certified” value. The choice of the appropriate method of treatment depends on basic philosophical views about the nature and the structure of the scatterain the results. Statistical methods provide the correct answer when the fluctuations involved can be regarded as random.

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