Radiation Dose-Response Relationships for Thyroid Nodules and Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases in Hiroshima and Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Survivors 55-58 Years After Radiation Exposure

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Abstract
Thyroid disease has become an important target with which to study the effects of radiation. Many studies have reported that the risk for malignant and benign thyroid nodules increased with external irradiation1-8 and internal radiation exposure9-13 in people exposed at young ages, although few studies have followed exposed populations for long periods, such as more than 50 years. Several studies also have reported an association between autoimmune thyroid diseases and radiation exposure, but the results were inconsistent.4,14-20