The Pinnipedia: An Essay in Zoogeography

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Abstract
The geographic history of the seals and their relatives is discussed. The evidence of existing distribution is summarized on a series of maps that, together with a series published previously [Ecology 38: 97-113], represent an attempt to map the distribution of all pinniped forms. Sections of the paper are: A working hypothesis, Origin of the Pinnipedia, Geomorphic barriers and avenues, Climatic barriers and avenues, Family beginnings, The sea lions (Otariidae), The walruses (Odobenidae), The seals (Phocidae), The northern seals (Phocinae), The monk seals (Monachinae), The Antarctic seals (Lobodontinae), The bladdernosed seals (Cystophorinae), Rates of evolution, and Regional geography of the pinnipeds.