Emotional Responses to Frustration of Approval Seeking and Personal Identity

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Abstract
Several emotional responses may be made to frustration depending on the type of goal frustrated. Two types of broad goals are approval and personal identity seeking. 32 male and 38 female undergraduates participated in this role-playing study. 43 Ss were oriented toward approval seeking and 27 Ss were oriented toward personal identity. Sadness was a more dominant response (104 responses) than anger (34 responses) for high approval-seeking Ss. Approval-seeking Ss also showed more rejection of other groups on the Bogardus social-distance scale. For such Ss the inhibiting effects of approval seeking may lead to the displacement of anger toward potential outgroups.

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