Mechanism of Retinoblastoma Gene Inactivation in the Spectrum of Neuroendocrine Lung Tumors

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Abstract
The retinoblastoma (RB) gene plays a key role in cell cycle control by regulation of G1 growth arrest. This gene is inactivated in some human cancers and in most small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) cell lines. The aim of this study was to analyze the mechanisms of RB silencing in freshly excised neuroendocrine (NE) tumors embracing the entire spectrum of NE lung neoplasms (typical and atypical carcinoids, large-cell neuroendocrine carcinomas [LCNECs], and SCLCs). To study the role and mechanism of RB inactivation in tumor differentiation and malignant potential, the status of the Rb protein was analyzed in 37 NE lung tumors, using immunohistochemistry with five Rb antibodies. Loss or altered expression of Rb protein was more frequently observed in high-grade NE lung carcinoma (23 of 28, 82%) than in typical and atypical carcinoids (1 of 9, 11%) (P < 0.001). Of 24 tumors with abnormal Rb staining, Southern blotting showed 1 to have undergone rearrangement, SSCP (single-strand conformation polymorphism) and sequencing showed that 6 (25%) exhibited mutations in exons 13–18 or 20–24 of the RB gene, and RT-PCR (reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction) revealed that 14 (58%) showed a low level of or entirely absent RB mRNA (messenger RNA) expression, whereas hypermethylation of the CpG-rich island at the 5′ end of the RB gene was not observed. Abnormal Rb protein expression was always associated with one of these three alternative mechanisms in the SCLCs analyzed, but in only 50% of LCNECs. These results indicate that inactivation of the RB gene is highly frequent in freshly excised high-grade NE lung tumors through distinct mechanisms including point mutations and frequent abnormal mRNA expression. Different modes of RB inactivation seem to be implicated along the spectrum of NE lung carcinomas, depending on differentiation state, phenotype, and malignancy grade.