Roles of E. coli DNA polymerases IV and V in lesion-targeted and untargeted SOS mutagenesis

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Abstract
The expression of the Escherichia coli DNA polymerases pol V (UmuD′ 2C complex)1,2 and pol IV (DinB)3 increases in response to DNA damage4. The induction of pol V is accompanied by a substantial increase in mutations targeted at DNA template lesions in a process called SOS-induced error-prone repair4. Here we show that the common DNA template lesions, TT (6–4) photoproducts, TT cis–syn photodimers and abasic sites, are efficiently bypassed within 30 seconds by pol V in the presence of activated RecA protein (RecA*), single-stranded binding protein (SSB) and pol III's processivity β,γ-complex. There is no detectable bypass by either pol IV or pol III on this time scale. A mutagenic ‘signature’ for pol V is its incorporation of guanine opposite the 3′-thymine of a TT (6–4) photoproduct, in agreement with mutational spectra. In contrast, pol III and pol IV incorporate adenine almost exclusively. When copying undamaged DNA, pol V exhibits low fidelity with error rates of around 10-3 to 10-4, with pol IV being 5- to 10-fold more accurate. The effects of RecA protein on pol V, and β,γ-complex on pol IV, cause a 15,000- and 3,000-fold increase in DNA synthesis efficiency, respectively. However, both polymerases exhibit low processivity, adding 6 to 8 nucleotides before dissociating. Lesion bypass by pol V does not require β,γ-complex in the presence of non-hydrolysable ATPγS, indicating that an intact RecA filament may be required for translesion synthesis.