Musth and urinary testosterone concentrations in the African elephant (Loxodonta africana)

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Abstract
Urine samples were obtained from free-ranging African elephants that were considered to be in and out of musth. [Musth, which has been likened to rutting behavior in ungulates, refers to a set of visible physical and behavioral characteristics displayed periodically by adult male elephants.] Testosterone concentrations, measured by radioimmunoassay were significantly greater in males that were in or around the time of behavioral musth. A correlation between the observed behavioral characteristics of musth and urinary testosterone levels was supported.

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