Intravesicular Localization and Exocytosis of α-Synuclein and its Aggregates

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Abstract
α-Synuclein (α-syn), particularly in its aggregated forms, is implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease and other related neurological disorders. However, the normal biology of α-syn and how it relates to the aggregation of the protein are not clearly understood. Because of the lack of the signal sequence and its predominant localization in the cytosol, α-syn is generally considered exclusively an intracellular protein. Contrary to this assumption, here, we show that a small percentage of newly synthesized α-syn is rapidly secreted from cells via unconventional, endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi-independent exocytosis. Consistent with this finding, we also demonstrate that a portion of cellular α-syn is present in the lumen of vesicles. Importantly, the intravesicular α-syn is more prone to aggregation than the cytosolic protein, and aggregated forms of α-syn are also secreted from cells. Furthermore, secretion of both monomeric and aggregated α-syn is elevated in response to proteasomal and mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular defects that are associated with Parkinson's pathogenesis. Thus, intravesicular localization and secretion are part of normal life cycle of α-syn and might also contribute to pathological function of this protein.