Abstract
A paradox that is likely to remain with us for some time is that although we probably know more about the carcinogenic effects of ionizing radiation than about those of any other environmental agent, our knowledge about radiation effects at low-dose levels is inadequate. Risk estimates now available depend heavily on low-dose extrapolation of observed cancer rates corresponding to higher-dose levels. In this issue of the Journal, Lyon et al. report finding increased leukemia mortality among children in areas of Utah exposed to radioactive fallout from the atmospheric tests of nuclear weapons carried out in Nevada from 1951 through . . .

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