Abstract
How can a profession be born when symbolic, technical and institutional conditions are unfavorable ? A meticulous historical investigation shows how a minority of doctors, residents in scientifically and socially innovative Paris hospitals, developed a strategy for making their profession autonomous. The first obstacle was the established organizational structure and the rival ambi¬ tions of other professional groups. Owing to a political alliance with the rationalizing elites of the Third Republic, this strategy succeeded in dealings with established authorities by tactically taking advantage of an accidental event.

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