Transformation of a northern hardwood forest by aboriginal (Iroquois) fire: charcoal evidence from Crawford Lake, Ontario, Canada

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Abstract
Ecologists have long debated whether Indian burning had important impacts on presettlement forests. We obtained stratigraphic evidence for fire using charcoal analysis of southern Ontario lake sediments. The record spans a period of Iroquois occupation when cultivation coincides with pollen evidence for transition from northern hardwoods to white pine/oak forests. Charcoal data reveal that this transition was attended by increased charcoal accumulation, sufficiently high to suggest vegetation fires. Results support the notion that Indian burning is capable of producing dramatic changes in forest composition spanning centuries.