In Vitro Evidence That β-Amyloid Peptide 1–40 Diffuses Across the Blood–Brain Barrier and Affects Its Permeability

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Abstract
Beta amyloid peptides are major insoluble constituents of amyloid fibrils in senile plaques and cerebrovascular deposits, both characteristic of Alzheimer disease (AD). Low concentrations of soluble forms of amyloid peptides are also present in normal CSF. We previously demonstrated that the 40 amino acid form of soluble β-amyloid peptide (sAβ) is rapidly cleared from rat CSF into blood. Herein we hypothesized that a saturable, outwardly directed flux of this peptide occurs at the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and tested whether supraphysiological (possibly pathological) concentrations of sAβ could alter the permeability of this barrier to a paracellular tracer, polyethylene glycol (PEG). Using an in vitro model of BBB, we showed that influx and efflux of sAβ were equal, modest (60%–160% greater than that of PEG), and not saturable. These observations suggest that sAβ moved across the monolayer by a diffusional process, and not via a transporter. PEG flux was doubled immediately after the luminal concentration of cold sAβ was raised to 5 μM, and was doubled 150 min after the abluminal concentration of sAβ was increased to 5 μM. Pathological elevations of sAβ concentration in plasma or brain interstitial fluid may, therefore, alter the permeability of brain capillaries in vivo.