Metaphysical metaphors and pedagogical practice: Biological beings, pawns, interchangeable components, puppets, and hunting packs

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Abstract
Five theoretical orientations to research in small group communication are identified, and metaphors of humanity inherent in them are examined. The authors argue that all five orientations are grounded on mechanistic, deterministic assumptions about the nature of humanity, and, furthermore, that these assumptions are infelicitous as bases for effective pedagogy. The authors propose, as an alternative, a humanistic position based on a conception of the individual defined and differentiated by mind, symbolic capacity, and will. Based on this premise, the authors elaborate a view of small group instruction as a persuasive, individualized process in which ultimate control over learning resides within the individual student.