Nonisothermal membrane phenomena through charged membranes

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Abstract
Applying nonequilibrium thermodynamics, a theory of nonisothermal membrane phenomena through charged membranes is described. Agreement between theory and observed thermal membrane potential is satisfactory. In thermo‐osmosis, the effective temperature difference across the membrane is determined by measuring the thermal membrane potential. A qualitative explanation based on nonequilibrium thermodynamics is presented for the experimental results.