Design and technology of low-cost printed antennas

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Abstract
The design of low-cost printed antenna arrays needs accurate analysis of parameters such as resonant frequency, input impedance, mutual coupling and sidelobe level with respect to the dimensions, dielectric constant, thickness of protective layer and inter-element spacing. The transmission-line model, the cavity model and the spectral-domain approach are complementary tools which can be used together. In addition, specific synthesis methods have been developed to maintain the flexibility offered by printed structures; namely non identical element spacing and non-identical E and H-plane element patterns. Finally, the polypropylene substrate, whose characteristics are very close to commercial substrates, is very cost competitive in most applications. On the other hand, thick-backing construction using either metal or metallised dielectric, and multi-layer structures without bonding film have been experimented with in order to reduce overall cost.

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