Residual Toxicity of Four Insecticides Used for Control of Citrus Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on Three Beneficial Species in a Citrus Agroecosystem

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Abstract
Impact of field residues of four insecticides (acephate, dimethoate, formetanate hydrochloride and sabadilla) commonly used in California for control of citrus thrips (Scirtothrips citri) was evaluated for three species of natural enemies (Aphytis melinus, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, and Euseius stipulatus) that are important biological control agents on citrus. Foliage samples were collected at regular intervals from pesticide-sprayed trees, and analyses for toxic extracuticular residues and bioassays for 48-h acute effects were performed. Of the three species tested, E. stipulatus appeared the most susceptible and C. montrouzieri the least susceptible. Acephate had the longest residual impact on A. melinus and C. montrouzieri; formetanate had the longest impact on E. stipulatus. Mortalities in the dimethoate treatment occurred for a shorter period of time than in the acephate treatment for all species. A. melinus mortalities in the formetanate treatment were similar to those in the dimethoate treatment Mortalities of C. montrouzieri in the formetanate treatment were very low. Sabadilla residues showed little toxicity to the species tested.

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