Some Observations on The Physiology and Pharmacology of the Nerve Endings in the Crop and Gizzard of the Earthworm, With Special Reference To The Effects of Cooling

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Abstract
The use of the crop and gizzard of the earthworm as a convenient smooth-muscle preparation was first suggested by Mines (1907). The pharmacological properties of this preparation have recently been described by Wu (1939). His experiments and Millott’s (1943) have shown that the digestive tract of the earthworm, including the crop and gizzard, is reciprocally innervated. The nerve fibres concerned are cholinergic in the augmenter and adrenergic in the inhibitory nerves.