Psychosocial Adjustment of African American Children in Single‐Mother Families: A Test of Three Risk Models

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Abstract
Three models of risk were examined for 277 African American children from single‐mother‐headed homes: cumulative, additive, and indirect models. Risk factors were mother‐reported community risks, inadequate income, maternal depressive symptoms, and inadequate parenting. Child‐reported internalizing and externalizing difficulties served as dependent measures of adjustment. Whereas the cumulative risk model identified a subset of children within this group as at‐risk for adjustment difficulties, only more proximal family variables (maternal depressive symptoms and inadequate parenting) accounted for unique variance in child outcomes (additive risk model). However, the more distal risk factors—community risk and inadequate income—were linked to both internalizing and externalizing difficulties through the proximal family variables (indirect effects model).