Inhibition of Ethylene Synthesis in Tomato Plants Subjected to Anaerobic Root Stress

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Abstract
Enhanced ethylene production and leaf epinasty are characteristic responses of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) to waterlogging. It has been proposed (Bradford, Yang 1980 Plant Physiol 65: 322-326) that this results from the synthesis of the immediate precursor of ethylene, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), in the waterlogged roots, its export in the transpiration stream to the shoot, and its rapid conversion to ethylene. Inhibitors of the ethylene biosynthetic pathway are available for further testing of this ACC transport hypothesis: aminooxyacetic acid (AOA) or aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) block the synthesis of ACC, whereas CO2+ prevents its conversion to ethylene. AOA and AVG, supplied in the nutrient solution, were found to inhibit the synthesis and export of ACC from anaerobic roots, whereas Co2+ had no effect, as predicted from their respective sites of action. Transport of the inhibitors to the shoot was demonstrated by their ability to block wound ethylene synthesis in excised petioles. All three inhibitors reduced petiolar ethylene production and epinasty in anaerobically stressed tomato plants. With AOA and AVG, this was due to the prevention of ACC import from the roots as well as inhibition of ACC synthesis in the petioles. With Co2+, conversion of both root- and petiole-synthesized ACC to ethylene was blocked. Collectively, these data support the hypothesis that the export of ACC from low O2 roots to the shoot is an important factor in the ethylene physiology of waterlogged tomato plants.