Induction and Dipole Moment in Chloro- and Nitroparaffins

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Abstract
The dielectric constants of the vapors of the butyl chlorides, methyl chloroform, nitromethane, α‐ and β‐nitropropane, and 2‐methyl‐2‐nitropropane have been measured over a range of temperature and pressure and used to calculate the dipole moments of the molecules of these substances. The dipole moment increases from normal to secondary to tertiary butyl chloride much less than indicated by the apparent moments previously measured in solution, it being shown that the apparent solution values for the primary and secondary compounds are lowered by solvent effect. The moments found for α‐ and β‐nitropropane and 2‐methyl‐2‐nitropropane are indistinguishable from one another, but are slightly larger than that of nitromethane. Examination of the molecular models shows that the moment differences found are approximately those to be expected from the inductive effects, with the exception of the large difference between chloroform and methyl chloroform where it can only be said that induction is a major cause of the difference.

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