Could asynchrony in activity between the sexes cause intersexual social segregation in ruminants?

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Abstract
In many sexually dimorphic mammal species, the sexes live outside the mating season in separate social groups (‘social segregation’). Social segregation occurs in a wide range of environmental conditions, but its cause is unknown. I suggest that social segregation is caused by a lower level of activity synchrony between individuals in mixed–sex groups than in single–sex groups, owing to sex differences in activity rhythm. As a consequence, mixed–sex groups are more likely to break up than single–sex groups, resulting in a predominance of single–sex groups at equilibrium. To test this hypothesis in red deer (Cervus elaphus L.), I developed an index of activity synchronization and showed that deer in mixed–sex groups were significantly less synchronized in their activity than deer in single–sex groups. Thus, low intersexual synchrony in activity can lead to social segregation. However, a lower level of intrasexual (female–female and male–male) activity synchrony within mixed–sex than within single–sex groups implies that additional factors (other than sex differences in foraging rhythm) contribute to the higher degree of instability in mixed–sex groups.