Biphasic effects of substance P on respiratory activity and respiration‐related neurones in ventrolateral medulla in the neonatal rat brainstem in vitro

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Abstract
The effects of substance P (SP) on respiratory activity in the brainstem–spinal cord preparation from neonatal rats (0–4 days old) were investigated. The respiratory activity was recorded from C4 ventral roots and intracellularly from three types of respiration‐related neurones, i.e. pre‐inspiratory (or biphasic E), three subtypes of inspiratory; expiratory and tonic neurones in the ventrolateral medulla (VLM). After the onset of SP bath application (10 nM–1 μM) a dose‐dependent decline of burst rate (by 48%) occurred, followed by a weaker dose‐dependent increase (by 17.5%) in burst rate. The biphasic effect of SP on inspiratory burst rate was associated with sustained membrane depolarization (in a range of 0.5–13 mV) of respiration‐related and tonic neurones. There were no significant changes in membrane resistance in any type of neurones when SP was applied alone or when synaptic transmission was blocked with tetrodotoxin (TTX). The initial depolarization was associated with an increase in inspiratory drive potential (by 25%) as well as in bursting time (by 65%) and membrane excitability in inspiratory and pre‐inspiratory neurones, which corresponded to the decrease in burst rate (C4 activity). The spiking frequency of expiratory and tonic neurones was also increased (by 36 and 48%). This activation was followed by restoration of the synaptic drive potential and bursting time in inspiratory and to a less extent in pre‐inspiratory neurones, which corresponded to the increase in burst rate. The discharge frequency of expiratory and tonic neurones also decreased to control values. This phase followed the peak membrane depolarization. At the peak depolarization, SP reduced the amplitude of the action potential by 4–8% in all types of neurones. Our results suggest that SP exerts a general excitatory effect on respiration‐related neurones and synaptic coupling within the respiratory network in the VLM. The transient changes in neuronal activity in the VLM may underlie the biphasic effect of SP in the brainstem respiration activity recorded in C4 roots. However, the biphasic effect of SP on inspiratory burst rate seems to be also defined by the balance in activity of other SP‐sensitive systems and neurones in the respiratory network in the brainstem and spinal cord, which can modify the activity of medullary respiratory rhythm generator.