Diapause and Secondary Parasites Nullify the Effectiveness of Rose-Aphid Parasites in Riverside, California, 1957–1958123

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Abstract
The disadvantageous effects of facultative diapause in the Following five species of aphidiine parasites of the rose aphid, Macrosiphum rosae (L.), are discussed: Aphidius nigripes Ashmead, A. alius Muesebeck A. confusus Ashmead, Praon occidentalis Baker, and P. unicus Smith. Because of the availability of aphidiine cocoons (diapause and nondiapause) throughout the season, secondary parasitism by Asaphes californicus Girault, Pachyneuron siphonophorae (Ashmead), Aphidencyrtus aphidivorus (Mayr), and several Charips species is shown to be detrimental to the effectiveness of the primary parasites. The effect of other natural enemies of the rose aphid in competition with the aphidiines is also noted.