Abstract
It is likely that the ‘undulatory propulsora’ employed by many fish are capable of producing a usefully directed thrust force over most of the tail-beat cycle. In contrast, fish which employ the ‘paddling pectoral fin propulsor’ only produce thrust during the power stroke phase of their fin-beat cycle, after which a recovery stroke occurs, when little usefully directed thrust force is produced. However, in order to gain a complete understanding of the mechanics of the paddling propulsor it is necessary to investigate the recovery stroke fully.

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