Abstract
Various behavioral characters, principally caste dichotomy, colony size and workenreproductive output ratios, several aspects of nest architecture, and queen recognition, are interpreted as useful indicators of yellowjacket phylogeny. Dolichovespula Rohwer appears to have a relatively primitive social organization compared to Vespula Thomson, and probably has a relatively closer ancestral relationship with Vespa L. (the true hornets).

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