Effect of calcium on callus friability and somatic embryogenesis inHevea brasiliensisMüll. Arg.: relations with callus mineral nutrition, nitrogen metabolism and water parameters

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Abstract
Changes in culture medium calcium content modified the texture, embryo development, and water and mineral status of Hevea brasiliensis (Müll. Arg.) calli. With concentrations of 0 to 9 mM CaCl2 in the callogenesis medium, high percentages of embryogenic calli were obtained with only a slight change in their compactness. Higher concentrations led to friable calli whose ability to produce embryos then depended on low calcium concentrations in the embryogenesis medium; in effect, only low calcium contents allowed embryo development. Given that 12 mM CaCl2 in the first culture medium resulted in friable calli, it was assumed that there was an interaction between the calcium and growth regulators in the medium. The change in texture and morphogenetic ability was combined with a drop in turgidity potential and water availability, despite an increase in water content. This change was also associated with a change in mineral nutrition, notably a drop in nitrate uptake, combined with an increase in osmotic potential and a drop in protein synthesis.

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