Mycorrhizal dependency of two hawaiian endemic tree species: Koa and mamane1

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Abstract
Vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi have been proposed as a low‐input solution to the problem of inadequate phosphorus (P) levels in many tropical and subtropical soils. To determine the mycorrhizal dependency of two Hawaiian endemic tree species, mamane (Sophora chrysophylla Seem.) and koa (Acacia koa Gray), seedlings were grown in the greenhouse with and without the VAM fungus, Glomus aggregatum Schenck and Smith emend Koske, at three levels of soil solution P (0,0.02, and 0.20 mg P/L) in a volcanic ash soil. Inoculation significantly increased colonization of roots by the VAM fungus in both mamane and koa seedlings. At 0.02 mg P/L, mamane inoculated with the VAM fungus had significantly greater subleaflet P concentrations at 48 days after planting (DAP), and significantly greater leaf areas, shoot dry weights, and root lengths at harvest compared to uninoculated plants. At 0 mg P/L, koa grown in association with the VAM fungus had significantly greater subleaflet P concentrations at 41 DAP, and significantly greater leaf areas, and dry weights of leaves, stems, and roots at harvest. Mamane was highly dependent on the VAM association for maximum growth, while koa was moderately dependent on the VAM association. These results demonstrate that P uptake and early growth of mamane and koa can be increased significantly at low soil P levels by inoculating seedlings with an effective VAM fungus. Future research needs to demonstrate continuing positive growth benefits of VAM fungal inoculation after transplanting from the nursery to field conditions.