Sensing atmospheric water vapor with the global positioning system

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Abstract
Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers, water vapor radiometers (WVRs), and surface meteorological equipment were operated at both ends of a 50‐km baseline in Colorado to measure the precipitable water vapor (PWV) and wet delay in the line‐of‐sight to GPS satellites. Using high precision orbits, WVR‐measured and GPS‐inferred PWV differences between the two sites usually agreed to better than 1 mm. Using less precise on‐line broadcast orbits increased the discrepancy by 30%. Data simulations show that GPS measurements can provide mm‐level separate PWV estimates for the two sites, as opposed to just their difference, if baselines exceed 500 km and the highest accuracy GPS orbits are used.