Lipopolysaccharide‐induced switch between retinoid receptor (RXR) α and glucocorticoid attenuated response gene (GARG)‐16 messenger RNAs in cultured rat microglia

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Abstract
Glucocorticoid‐attenuated response genes (GARG) belong to a recently described family of genes responsive to the action of dexamethasone. Full‐length cDNA of one member of this family, GARG16, has been cloned from rat microglia and regulation of its mRNA expression has been studied. Moreover, regulation of retinoid/retinoic acid activated transcription factor (RXR/RAR) mRNAs in mixed astrocyte and in purified microglia cultures has been investigated. RARβ mRNA was undetectable in microglia by RT‐PCR, whereas clearly present in the mixed cultures. RXRα, RARγ, and GARG16 mRNAs were found in both culture systems. RXRα mRNA was strongly expressed in control microglia but rapidly declined upon treatment with LPS. Conversely, GARG16 mRNA was almost untraceable in control microglia but rapidly increased by LPS. Time‐course studies revealed an oscillating behavior of expression of both mRNAs during the first 6 hr, which receded to control levels (RXRα high, GARG16 low) at 72 hr of LPS‐treatment. Additionally, p38 MAPK and SEK phosphorylations peaked at 1 hr followed by steady declines, whereas MEK and c‐Jun showed double peaks at 1+4 hr and 1+6 hr, respectively, before subsiding to control levels. This behavior was not observed in comparative studies with TNF‐α, interleukin‐10 (IL‐10), or interferon‐γ inducible protein 10 (IP‐10). Finally, inhibitors of p38 MAPK, p42/p44 ERK, and PKCα as well as the use of dexamethasone revealed major influences of the p38 MAPK‐c‐Jun‐AP‐1 signaling pathway on RXRα and GARG16 mRNA expressions. The counter regulatory control of GARG16 and RXRα mRNA expression is believed to be an example of a fine‐tuned cellular mechanism to react to inflammatory stimuli. J. Neurosci. Res. 64:553–563, 2001.