Wave disturbance on lakeshores and the within-lake distribution of Ontario's Atlantic coastal plain flora

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Abstract
Although water level fluctuations may explain the persistence of Atlantic coastal plain species in certain Georgian Bay lakes, they cannot explain the within-lake distribution of this flora. To test whether the within-lake distribution of these species was correlated with disturbance from waves, 25 transects were quantitatively sampled along an exposure gradient in Axe Lake, Ontario. The proportion of Atlantic coastal plain species in a transect increased significantly with exposure (p < 0.01). Total frequency of Atlantic coastal plain species reached a maximum at an intermediate level of exposure. Analysis of substrate samples showed that the exposure gradient is a multivariate gradient including not only biomass removal by waves, but sorting of the shoreline substrate. The coarse, nutrient poor sites on exposed shores may allow the persistence of Atlantic coastal plain species in at least two different ways. Their physiological tolerance limits may be narrowly specialized on exposed shorelines. Alternatively, their physiological tolerances may include a broad range of shoreline types, but competition restricts them to those sites least suitable for other species.