Seasonal Occurrence of Tokophrya quadripartita (Suctoria) as Epibionts on Adult Limnocalanus macrurus (Copepoda: Calanoida) in Southeastern Lake Michigan

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Abstract
Adult populations of L. macrurus in southeastern Lake Michigan [Michigan, USA] are subject to heavy infestations by the suctorian T. quadripartita. Infestation levels are low (< 5%) in the early summer, when the new adult generation appears in the plankton, and increase through the autumn and winter, reaching 100% by March or April. Immature L. macrurus copepodites and the copepodites of more abundant co-occurring species do not appear to be infested by the suctorian. T. quadripartita was previously described from European and North American ponds and marshes in association with peritrichs on snails, beetle larvae and turtles. Its association with a copepod inhabiting the cold oligotrophic waters of Lake Michigan represents a previously unknown habitat for this suctorian.

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