A novel SP‐1 site in the human interleukin‐1β promoter confers preferential transcriptional activity in keratinocytes

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Abstract
To investigate the mechanisms of transcriptional activation of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in non-monocytic cells, we constructed a series of reporter plasmids with the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene linked to various parts of the human IL-1β promoter and performed transient transfection experiments. We identified a promoter segment that activates transcription most efficiently in keratinocytes. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) with a 43-mer oligonucleotide derived from the functionally identified cis-acting element revealed specific complexes. By competition analysis with transcription factor consensus sequence oligonucleotides and by immunosupershift, transcription factor SP-1 or a closely related protein was shown to bind to this regulatory element. The closest match to the known SP-1 consensus sequence within the respective region is a TCCCCTCCCCT motif. Mutation of this motif almost completely, and specifically, abolished the binding of two low-mobility complexes and led to a 95% decrease of constitutive transcriptional activation of a reporter construct IL-1β (− 170/+ 108). Likewise, activation of this reporter construct by tumor necrosis factor-α depended on the SP-1 site. These observations suggest that a so-far-unrecognized SP-1 site in the human IL-1β promoter may participate in the transcriptional regulation of this gene in keratinocytes.

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