Air-filled proteinaceous microbubbles: synthesis of an echo-contrast agent.
- 1 September 1991
- journal article
- Published by Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Vol. 88 (17) , 7708-7710
- https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.88.17.7708
Abstract
Air-filled microbubbles are in clinical use as echo-contrast agents for sonographic applications. The synthesis of aqueous suspensions of air-filled proteinaceous microbubbles involves the ultrasonic irradiation of aqueous protein solutions in the presence of O2. Yields and size distributions of human and bovine serum albumin microbubbles have been determined as a function of various experimental parameters. The chemical nature of these microbubbles and the origin of their remarkably long lifetimes have been explored. The microbubbles are held together primarily by interprotein cross-linking of cysteine residues. The principal cross-linking agent is superoxide created by the extremely high temperatures produced during acoustic cavitation.Keywords
This publication has 19 references indexed in Scilit:
- SonochemistryScience, 1990
- Successful left ventricular opacification following peripheral venous injection of sonicated contrast agent: An experimental evaluationAmerican Heart Journal, 1987
- Functional and pathologic effects of multiple echocardiographic contrast injections on the myocardium, brain and kidneyJournal of the American College of Cardiology, 1985
- Contrast echocardiography in acute myocardial ischemia: I. In vivo determination of total left ventricular “area at risk”Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 1984
- Hydrogen peroxide contrast echocardiography: quantification in vivo of myocardial risk area during coronary occlusion and of the necrotic area remaining after myocardial reperfusion.Circulation, 1984
- Correlation of myocardial echo contrast disappearance rate (“Washout”) and severity of experimental coronary stenosisJournal of the American College of Cardiology, 1984
- Two-dimensional contrast echocardiography. I. In vitro development and quantitative analysis of echo contrast agentsJournal of the American College of Cardiology, 1984
- Assessment of myocardial perfusion abnormalities with contrast-enhanced two-dimensional echocardiography.Circulation, 1982
- The sensitivity of contrast echocardiography in detecting intracardiac shuntsCatheterization and Cardiovascular Diagnosis, 1979
- Use of an ultrasonic contrast method in the diagnosis of valvular regurgitation and intracardiac shuntsThe American Journal of Cardiology, 1974