Heritable chromatin structure: Mapping “memory” in histones H3 and H4

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Abstract
Telomeric position effect in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a chromatin-mediated phenomenon in which telomere proximal genes are repressed (silenced) in a heritable, but reversible, fashion. Once a transcriptional state (active or silenced) is established, however, there is a strong tendency for that state to be propagated. Twenty-five years ago, H. Weintraub and colleagues suggested that such heritability could be mediated by posttranslational modification of chromatin [Weintraub, H., Flint, S. J., Leffak, I. M., Groudine, M. & Grainger, R. M. (1977) Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 42, 401–407]. To identify potential sites within the chromatin that might act as sources of “memory” for the heritable transmission, we performed a genetic screen to isolate mutant alleles of the histones H3 and H4 genes that would “lock” telomeric marker genes into a silenced state. We identified mutations in the NH 2 -terminal tail and core of both histones; most of the amino acid changes mapped adjacent to lysines that are known sites of acetylation or methylation. We developed a method using MS to quantify the level of acetylation at each lysine within the histone H4 NH 2 -terminal tail in these mutants. We discovered that each of these mutants had a dramatic reduction in the level of acetylation at lysine 12 within the histone H4 tail. We propose that this lysine serves as a “memory mark” for propagating the expression state of a telomeric gene: when it is unacetylated, silent chromatin will be inherited; when it is acetylated an active state will be inherited.