Stem Breakage by Moose

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Abstract
Moose [Alces alces] often break stems of saplings while feeding. Many broken stems are too tall for moose to have reached their topmost twigs otherwise. By breaking shrubs and saplings moose have access to food resources otherwise unavailable. Estimates are presented of the extra winter food that moose could obtain by breaking stems taller than their usual upper feeding limit of 2.44 m on Elk Island National Park [Canada], and the impact of stem breaking on the vegetation structure is assessed.

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