Caudal medullary pathways to lumbosacral motoneuronal cell groups in the cat: Evidence for direct projections possibly representing the final common pathway for lordosis

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Abstract
The nucleus retroambiguus (NRA) projects to distinct brainstem and cervical and thoracic cord motoneuronal cell groups. The present paper describes NRA projections to distinct motoneuronal cell groups in the lumbar enlargement. Lumbosacral injections of wheat germ agglutinin‐horseradish peroxidase (WGA‐HRP) were made to localize and quantify the retrogradely labeled neurons in the caudal medullary lateral tegmentum. These injections were combined with spinal hemisections to distinguish between neurons having ipsi‐ or contralaterally descending axons. The NRA‐lumbosacral fibers descend almost exclusively contralaterally, but neurons in areas surrounding the NRA project mainly ipsilaterally.In an anterograde tracing study, injections of WGA‐HRP or tritiated leucine were made in the region of the NRA to determine the NRA targets in the lumbosacral cord. Hemisections in C2 made it possible to distinguish between NRA projections and projections from neurons in the adjoining lateral tegmentum. The results show delicate NRA projections to distinct lumbosacral motoneuronal cell groups innervating specific hindlimb muscles (iliopsoas, adductors, and hamstrings) as well as axial muscles (medial longissimus and proximal tail muscles). The projection is bilateral, with a contralateral predominance. Ipsilaterally terminating fibers are derived from NRA neurons whose axons cross the midline at the level of the obex, descend through the contralateral spinal white matter, and recross at the level of termination. A conceptual description is presented in which the periaqueductal gray‐NRA‐lumbosacral projections form the final common pathway for lordosis in the cat.